Medical Oncologists: Cancer Care Specialists

If you or a loved one has recently received a cancer diagnosis, you’re likely wondering “what is an oncologist?” and what role they’ll play in your care journey. Understanding the different types of oncologists and their specific roles can help you feel more prepared and confident as you begin treatment.

An oncologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancer. There are three main types of cancer doctors: medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, and radiation oncologists – each with distinct but complementary roles in comprehensive cancer care.

When people ask “what is a cancer doctor called,” the answer depends on the type of treatment they provide.

A medical oncologist specializes in treating cancer with medications, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormone therapy. These treatments are typically administered intravenously or orally and are designed to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. Medical oncologists often serve as the primary coordinator of your cancer care team.

Surgical oncologists focus on removing tumors and cancerous tissue through surgical procedures. They perform biopsies for diagnosis and surgeries to remove tumors or affected organs.

Radiation oncologists, like those at Southeast Radiation Oncology Group (SERO), specialize in treating cancer with precisely targeted radiation therapy. They design treatment plans that focus radiation beams directly on cancer cells while protecting surrounding healthy tissues.

Understanding the difference between a medical oncologist vs radiation oncologist can help you better understand your treatment team:

• Medical oncologists treat cancer using systemic therapies (medications that work throughout your body) and typically coordinate your overall care throughout your cancer journey
• Radiation oncologists use external beam radiation therapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, and other advanced radiation techniques to target cancer cells with precision

Both specialists work closely together, and many patients receive treatment from both types of oncologists as part of their comprehensive care plan.

Medical oncologists have specialized training in internal medicine and have received additional training specifically focused on cancer care. They are typically the primary doctors for people with cancer, serving as the central point of coordination among various specialists, nurses, and medical staff involved in your care.

The discipline of medical oncology was first established in 1971 by the American Board of Internal Medicine. Today, thousands of medical oncologists across the United States provide expert cancer care to patients and their families.

Your medical oncologist plays several important roles in your cancer care:

• Diagnosis and Staging: Receiving and interpreting test results to understand your specific type and stage of cancer
• Treatment Planning: Discussing treatment options with you and helping you understand what to expect from each approach
• Care Coordination: Working closely with other specialists including radiation oncologists, surgical oncologists, and other members of your healthcare team
• Ongoing Monitoring: Administering and monitoring therapy, managing symptoms, and adjusting treatment as needed
• Supportive Care: Helping coordinate supportive services and managing side effects throughout your treatment

Since cancer treatment can be complex and complications are common, your medical oncologist must be skilled at working with other specialists and addressing the various medical needs that may arise during your care.

You would typically be referred to a medical oncologist when:

• Cancer has been confirmed through biopsy or other testing
• You need systemic treatment such as chemotherapy or immunotherapy
• Your primary care doctor or surgeon recommends oncology consultation
• You’re seeking a second opinion about your cancer diagnosis or treatment options

During your first appointment, your medical oncologist will review your medical history, discuss your diagnosis, explain treatment options, and work with you to develop a personalized treatment plan that aligns with your goals and preferences.

Building a strong relationship with your medical oncologist is an important part of your cancer care journey.

• Bring a complete list of all medications you’re taking
• Prepare a list of questions in advance
• Consider bringing a family member or friend for support and to help remember important information
• Bring copies of any medical records from other doctors or hospitals

• What type of cancer do I have, and what stage is it?
• What are my treatment options?
• What are the potential benefits and side effects of each treatment?
• How will we know if the treatment is working?
• What support services are available to help me during treatment?
• Are there clinical trials that might be appropriate for my situation?

• Don’t hesitate to ask for clarification if you don’t understand something
• Request written information about your treatment plan
• Ask about resources for learning more about your specific type of cancer
• Discuss any concerns about treatment side effects or how cancer might affect your daily life

At Southeast Radiation Oncology Group (SERO), our oncologists work closely with other medical oncologists throughout the Charlotte area to provide coordinated, comprehensive cancer care. This collaborative approach ensures that you receive the most effective treatment plan tailored to your specific needs.

Whether you’re just beginning to understand your diagnosis or are already working with a medical oncologist, remember that having questions is normal and encouraged. Your healthcare team is there to support you every step of the way.